6

Videretur: video in the passive sometimes means "seem", as in "she seemed lovely", from the literal "be seen"

7

In phrases with of, Romans prefer using the adjective that means "of [something]" rather than the genitive (if the adjective exists, of course). E.g. thermae Neronianae, with Neroianae being the plural of Neroniana, which is an adjective meaning "of Nero". This means if you had to choose between locative or genitive, it's probably locative. E.g. foro Romanae, with Romanae as a locative noun = (abl) forum [in] Rome (rather thah the forum of Rome); foro Romano (with Romano as an adjective) = Roman forum/forum of Rome.

8

compound verbs often take the dative as their object

Kind of weird construction in Eutropius Breviarum 7.17
Otho occiso Galba invasit imperium, materno genere nobilior quam paterno, neutro tamen obscuro.
"materno genere ... quam paterno" is saying "his maternal family is ... than paternal family"
and ^ is an ablative of respect
Not: Otho more noble than his mother's family
Not: Otho more noble than his father's family
Yes: Otho was more noble, in regard to his mother's family, than in regard to his father's.

Note: it's not an ablative of comparison, because ablative of compasion doesn't have quam. It's a normal quam of comparison, between the two ablatives of respect.

9

cum as a preposition means with, cum as a conjunction means {when, since, although} and as a conjunction it can optionally introduces a clause (001rj). it was originally two words: "con" as the preposition meaning with. You can still see it in compound words like consul and convocare. the other one was the conjunction quom, which was once the accusative of qui. some adverbs come from the accusative forms of pronouns, like quam and quod.

10

for late latin, "unless you get a strong signal that the subject has changed, assume it's the same" - Mr Brophy
Ille, illa, illud usually indicates a change of subject

11

if you see something like "x et y", "x atque y", etc, x and y are often the same case and the same part of speech. But not always.
E.g. haec atque talia lacrimis et arte
not always: potentiam matris et credente nullo

12

  • don't use whiteout (it takes more time to whiteout than cross out)

  • writing on alternate lines is for your own benefit to correct mistakes

  • can use asterisks to add in corrections

  • if the question asks "why is xyz ablative", instead of "it's an ablative of instrument" you may just write "instrument" or "absolute"

  • usually grammar questions will be one mark for identify and one mark for explain

  • ellipses are allowed

  • 'formula' for explain is 'way (use of language) + "specific reference" + effect'.

    • way is a technique or not technique, e.g. imagery, word choice. "It doesn't have to be a fancy greek term" (see examples below)
    • specific reference is a quote from a passage, the more specific the better. for example, the imagery in "nudus" is better than the imagery in "ut nudus ... a saxo" because it's more specific

  • give each component in the order that the question asks for them.
    Identify and explain the case of insidiis 2
    first identify, then explain, e.g. ablative, means
    a reason to do this is sometimes students miss the first one,

13

if you're not sure if it's a purpose or result clause: if there is a word meaning "such", or "so much so that", for example 'talis', it's probably a result clauses.

14

gerund vs gerundive

gerund turns a verb into a noun: retinendum, modus operandi. It also can't be anything else but neuter singular acc/gen/dat/abl

gerundive is an adjective: retinendae. It's a full 1/2 declension adjective.

15

In the HSC there will be no macrons

Seen translation: if you have to look up words from here, that's an indication that you aren't being specific

16

civilitatis et fortitudinis: genitive of quality

primum consul fuit: he was the first consul in his family, primum is an adverb. The Roman term is consul ordine or sth.

1

metre - can comment on it but only when it's really obvious, aka lines of four spondees or four dactyls.

2

gerundives take a dative as the agent (instead of ablative)

3

it's a really common pattern in hexameter to place a noun at the end of a line and put the adjective as the first word.

you can use this to help you with translation

sollemnis taurum ingentum mactabat ad aras
→ taurum has an adj, so aras, the other noun in the line, probs has an adj too

4

historical infinitive
used to express brevity of an action, translated as imperf

5

conditional clauses

17

indirect question
a sentence (w its verb in the subjunctive) (introduced by a question word) that acts as a noun in another sentence whose verb is an indicative "question" verb

indirect statement
a sentence (with its verb in the subjunctive) (its subject in the accusative) that acts as a noun in a sentence whose verb is a "verb of relaying"

18

19

relative pronouns match gender and number but not case

20

latin likes to use qui, quae, quod for he, she, without the relative flavour. so quorum is translated as their instead of whose.

21

complement
X is Y
X = subject
Y = complement

SLIGHTLY different from apposition