This page is structured as 🟨tense > 🟦mood > 🟥voice
In the present system, verbs use their present stem and thematic vowel.
The personal endings are always:
🟥 active: [-o/m -s -t -mus -tis -nt]
🟥 passive: [-r -ris/re -tur -mur -mini -ntur]
In the present system, the 2nd person singular passives are weird. first, there is a syncopated form of the -ris, which is -re, making words look like the infinitive, e.g. tangeris → tangere. the syncopation is only for present, imperfect, and future. It doesn't apply to the -eri-s from subjunctive perfect.
for ind pres, the 3rd conjugation usually gets an -i, but for 2P SG pas it gets an e.
also, the -eris ending is shared by these verbs (all passive second person singular)
- pres ind 2cj, 3cj, io
- pres sjt 1cj
- imperfect
- future 3cj, io, 4cj
AND the perfect active subjunctive.
so uhhhhh....
imperfect is probably alright because it has -ba- or the (not really) distinctive -are- -ere- -ire-. future 1/2 is also alright
~
the ie + personal ending form is kind of very distinct, it is only 4th and io verbs, and only indicative. if it has ba, then it's imperfect, otherwise it is future.
same thing for ia + personal ending. only 4th and io verbs. signals subjunctive present.
finding the present stem
non-deponent: take the second principal part and remove the -re.
(macrons? I should really do macrons for all these inflection pages)
1 - remove re
2 - remove re
3 - remove ere
io - remove ere and add i
4 - remove re
deponent: take second principal part and remove the -ri
1 - remove ri
2 - remove ri
3 - remove i
3io - remove i and add i - NOP*
4 - remove ri
*NOP is computer science shorthand for "no operation"
🟨 present
🟦 indicative
present stem + personal endings (uses o)
1st conjugation - tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum
tempto, temptas, temptat, temptamus, temptatis, temptant
temptor, temptaris,
2nd conjugation - sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum
sedeo, sedes, sedet, sedemus, sedetis, sedent
3rd conjugation - mostly adds i to the stem - tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum
tango, tangis, tangit, tangimus, tangitis, tangunt
tangor, tangeris, tangitur, tangimur, tangimini, tangentur
3rd -io conjugation - pario, parere, peperci, partum
pario, paris, parit, parimus, paritis, pariunt
parior, pareris, paritur, parimur, parimini, pariuntur
4th conjugation - punio, punire, punivi, punitum
punio, punis, punit, punimus, punitis, puniunt
🟦 subjunctive
modified present stem with personal endings (uses m)
stem changes (memonic: we read a diary)
1: a -> e
2: e -> ea
3: i/e -> a
mixed: i/e -> ia
4: i -> ia
dicam, dicas, dicat, dicamus, dicatis, dicant
dicar, dicaris, dicatur, dicamur, dicamini, dicantur
similarity with fut indicative
for 3cj, mcj, & 4cj, the pres subjunctive and fut indicative are same in 1ps SG.
3cj averto, avertere, averti, aversum
- pres active subjunctive: avertam, avertas, avertat, avertamus, avertatis, avertant
- fut active indicative: avertam, avertes, avertet, avertemus, avertetis, avertent
- pres passive subjunctive: avertar, avertaris, avertatur, avertamur, avertamini avertantur
- fut passive indicative: avertar, averteris, avertetur, avertemur, avertemini, avertentur
4cj sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum
- pres active subjunctive: sentiam, sentias, sentiat, sentiamus, sentiatis, sentiant
- fut active indicative: sentiam, senties, sentiet, sentiemus, sentietis, sentient
- pres passive subjunctive: sentiar, sentiaris, sentiatur, sentiamur, sentiamini, sentiantur
- fut passive indicative: sentiar, sentieris, sentietur, sentiemur, sentiemini, sentientur
cool example: quid ipse sentiam exponam. (indirect question of quid ipse sentiam nested inside the direct statement exponam)
🟨 imperfect
🟦 indicative
present stem + ba + personal endings (uses m)
for active: [-bam -bas -bat -bamus -batis -bant]
for passive: [-bar -baris -batur -bamur -bamini -bantur]
3rd, io, and 4th conjugations get a stem modification, such that they have an extra e.
1: a → a
2: e → e
3: (nothing) → e
io: i → ie
4: i → ie
1st conjugation - tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum
temptabam, temptabas, temptabat, temptabamus, temptabatis, temptabant
2nd conjugation - sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum
sedebam, sedebas, sedebat, sedebamus, sedebatis, sedebant
3rd conjugation - tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum
tangebam, tangebas, tangebat, tangebamus, tangebatis, tangebant
adds e to the stem
3rd -io conjugation - pario, parere, peperci, partum
pariebam, pariebas, pariebat, pariebamus, pariebatis, pariebant
uses ie instead of i
4th conjugation - punio, punire, punivi, punitum
puniebam, puniebas, puniebat, puniebamus, puniebatis, puniebant
uses ie instead of i
🟦 subjunctive
non-deponent verbs: take 2nd principle part and add personal endings (uses m)
works for irregular verbs as well! essem esses esset essemus essetis essent (esser doesn't exist, sum has no passive)
deponent verbs
do this to the 2nd principal part:
1: ari → are
2: eri → ere
3: i → ere
io: i → ere
4: iri → ire
then add personal endings.
paterer, patereris, pateretur, pateremur, pateremini, paterentur
using -ere- infix as flag is unreliable, e.g. deteret looks subjunctive imperfect but is actually detero, deterere
🟨 future
there is no future subjunctive.
🟦 indicative
present stem + infix + personal endings (uses o)
there are two possible infixes
- 1st and 2nd conjugations: bo/bi/bi/bi/bi/bu
- 3rd, -io and 4th conjugations: a/e/e/e/e/e
so overall:
- 1st and 2nd conjugations
- -bo -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -bunt
- -bor -beris -bitur -bimur -bimini -buntur
- 3cj, mcj, 4cj
- -am -es -et -emus -etis -ent
- -ar -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur
1st conjugation - tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatum
temptabo, temptabis, temptabit, temptabimus, temptabitis, temptabunt
2nd conjugation - sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum
sedebo, sedebis, sedebit, sedebimus, sedebitis, sedebuntur
3rd conjugation - tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum
tangam, tanges, tanget, tangemus, tangetis, tangent
3rd -io conjugation - pario, parere, peperci, partum
pariam, paries, pariet, pariemus, parietis, parienttur
4th conjugation - punio, punire, punivi, punitum