Warning

this is my quick reference/refresher sheet. if you're not already familiar with it, I recommend the LatinTutorial playlist on subjunctives or otherwise having it taught and explained.

□ present stem
■ perfect stem

subjunctives don't have the future tenses because they're cool like that (the actual reason is apparently because they have an inherent sense of future to them)

LatinTutorial playlist on subjunctives

□ present

active & passive

modified present stem with:

  • [-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt] for active forms
  • [-r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur] for passive forms
    the things in [] are called personal endings

stem changes (memonic: we read a diary)
1: a → e
2: e → ea
3: i/e → a
mixed: i/e → ia
4: i → ia

dicam, dicas, dicat, dicamus, dicatis, dicant
dicar, dicaris, dicatur, dicamur, dicamini, dicantur

similarity with fut indicative

for 3cj, mcj, & 4cj, the pres subjunctive and fut indicative are same in 1ps SG.

3cj averto, avertere, averti, aversum

  • pres active subjunctive: avertam, avertas, avertat, avertamus, avertatis, avertant
  • fut active indicative: avertam, avertes, avertet, avertemus, avertetis, avertent
  • pres passive subjunctive: avertar, avertaris, avertatur, avertamur, avertamini avertantur
  • fut passive indicative: avertar, averteris, avertetur, avertemur, avertemini, avertentur

4cj sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum

  • pres active subjunctive: sentiam, sentias, sentiat, sentiamus, sentiatis, sentiant
  • fut active indicative: sentiam, senties, sentiet, sentiemus, sentietis, sentient
  • pres passive subjunctive: sentiar, sentiaris, sentiatur, sentiamur, sentiamini, sentiantur
  • fut passive indicative: sentiar, sentieris, sentietur, sentiemur, sentiemini, sentientur

cool example: quid ipse sentiam exponam. (indirect question of quid ipse sentiam nested inside the direct statement exponam)

□ imperfect

active & passive

take 2nd principle part and add

  • [-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt] for active forms
  • [-r -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur] for passive forms

essem
esses
esset
essemus
essetis
essent

EXCEPT deponent verbs.

■ perfect

active

perfect stem + eri + [-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt]

e.g. capio, capere, cepi, ceptum
cep + eri + m

ceperim
ceperis
ceperit
ceperimus
ceperitis
ceperint

these are the exact same as the future perfect indicative except -erim is -ero in the future perfect indicative

passive

revision for indicative perfect passive: it is the PPP (declined) + [sum es est sumus estis sunt], aka PPP (declined) + indicative present forms of sum

subjunctive perfect passive is the PPP (declined) + [sim sis sit simus sitis sint]
the subjunctive present forms of sum are used instead.

deponent verb complector, complecti, complexus (-a -um) sum
complexus (-a -um) sim
complexus (-a -um) sis
complexus (-a -um) sit
complexus (-a -um) simus
complexus (-a -um) sitis
complexus (-a -um) sint

■ pluperfect

active

perfect stem + isse + [-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt]

this is like the pluperfect indicative (formed using perfect stem + imperfect forms of sum). pluperfect subjunctive is kind of formed using the perfect stem + imperfect forms of subjunctive sum, which are essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent. but the leading e changes to an i.

OR you can have it as the perfect active infinitive + [-m -s -t -mus -tis -nt]

passive

revision for indicative pluperfect passive: it is the PPP (declined) + [eram eras erat eramus eratis erant], aka PPP (declined) + indicative imperfect forms of sum

subjunctive pluperfect passive is the PPP (declined) + [essem esses esset essemus essetis essent]. the subjunctive imperfect forms of sum are used instead.

example for arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum to send for, fetch
arcessitus (-a -um) essem
arcessitus (-a -um) esses
arcessitus (-a -um) esset
arcessitus (-a -um) essemus
arcessitus (-a -um) essetis
arcessitus (-a -um) essent